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[December 2006]
University of Oregon Produces Insulation Breakthrough
A new insulation material with what is reported to be the lowest thermal conductivity ever measured for a fully dense solid has been created at the University of Oregon (Eugene, OR, USA) and tested by researchers at three other U.S. institutions. While far from having immediate application, the principles involved, once understood, could lead to improved insulation for a wide variety of uses, the scientists say.
In a paper published online on 14 December 2006 on Science Express, in advance of regular publication in the journal 'Science', the scientists describe how they used a novel approach to synthesise various thicknesses of tungsten diselenide. This effort resulted in a random stacking of tungsten-diselenide planes (WSe2), possibly leading to a localisation of lattice vibrations.
The resulting synthesised material, they report, resulted in thermal conductivity 30 times smaller than that for single-crystal WSe2 and a factor six smaller that the minimum level predicted by theoretical computations for the cross-plane thin films used in the experiments.
Surprisingly, creating a fully disordered structure by bombarding the films with ions to destroy the order in the two-dimensional planes actually increases thermal conductivity, said David Johnson, a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oregon (UO) and member of the UO Materials Science Institute.
"The reason for the extraordinarily low thermal conductivity that we've now achieved is an unusual structure which is crystalline in two directions but has a subtle rotational disorder in the direction of low-heat conduction," Johnson said.
The material prepared in Johnson's lab "is the closest thing that anyone has found to making a dense solid into a perfect thermal insulator," said co-author and corresponding investigator David Cahill, a Professor of Materials Science & Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This material would not be practical for insulating a refrigerator, the wall of a house or parts inside a turbine engine, but the new physical properties displayed by this material might some day point the way toward methods of creating more effective practical insulations."
The approach is a new alternative to one described by Cahill and others in separate journals in the last two years in which researchers reduced minimum thermal conductivity by manipulating thin films of metals and oxides by adjusting interfaces of the materials by only a few nanometers.
"Thermal conductivity is an important property in both conserving energy and in converting between forms of energy," Johnson said. "Obtaining low thermal conductivity in a thermoelectric material, which converts temperature gradients into electrical energy, increases efficiency."
The properties of Johnson's material were measured in Cahill's Illinois laboratory. The structure was analysed at the Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, IL, USA. Computational simulations and molecular modelling of the layered crystals was carried out by researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, NY, USA.
Co-authors Pawel Keblinski and Arun Bodapati, both at RRI, said that the observed ultra-low thermal conductivity is not limited to tungsten diselenide and could probably be applied to a wide variety of disordered layered crystals.
Other co-authors were Catalin Chiritescu, a student in Cahill's lab at the University of Illinois, Ngoc Nguyen, a doctoral student in Johnson's UO lab and Paul Zschack of Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source.
Johnson is also the founder of the Center for Advance Materials Characterization in Oregon (CAMCOR) and the Co-director of Research at the Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI). ONAMI is an Oregon signature research centre made up of collaborating researchers from the UO, Oregon State University, Portland State University and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory who pursue fundamental and applied research projects with industry in the Northwest.
The Office of Naval Research and the U.S. Department of Energy provided funding for various components of the project.
www.uoregon.edu
ENDS